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Many apps have been designed to remotely assess clinical status and monitor symptom evolution in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). These may one day serve as an adjunct for in-person assessment of persons with MS, providing valuable insight into the disease course that is not well captured by cross-sectional snapshots obtained from clinic visits.
This study sought to review the current literature surrounding apps used for remote monitoring of persons with MS.
A scoping review of published articles was conducted to identify and evaluate the literature published regarding the use of apps for monitoring of persons with MS. PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to January 2022. Cohort studies, feasibility studies, and randomized controlled trials were included in this review. All pediatric studies, single case studies, poster presentations, opinion pieces, and commentaries were excluded. Studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, when applicable. Key findings were grouped in categories (convergence to neurological exam, feasibility of implementation, impact of weather, and practice effect), and trends are presented. In a parallel systematic search, the Canadian Apple App Store and Google Play Store were searched to identify relevant apps that are available but have yet to be formally studied and published in peer-reviewed publications.
We included 18 articles and 18 apps. Although many MS-related apps exist, only 10 apps had published literature supporting their use. Convergence between app-based testing and the neurological exam was examined in 12 articles. Most app-based tests focused on physical disability and cognition, although other domains such as ambulation, balance, visual acuity, and fatigue were also evaluated. Overall, correlations between the app versions of standardized tests and their traditional counterparts were moderate to strong. Some novel app-based tests had a stronger correlation with clinician-derived outcomes than traditional testing. App-based testing correlated well with the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite but less so with the Expanded Disability Status Scale; the latter correlated to a greater extent with patient quality of life questionnaire scores.
Although limited by a small number of included studies and study heterogeneity, the findings of this study suggest that app-based testing demonstrates adequate convergence to traditional in-person assessment and may be used as an adjunct to and perhaps in lieu of specific neurological exam metrics documented at clinic visits, particularly if the latter is not readily accessible for persons with MS.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a fluctuating clinical course punctuated by relapses, remissions, and progressive deterioration for many affected patients. As such, the neurologist requires an accurate representation of the symptomatology of the patient with MS in order to evaluate the efficacy of treatment [
Infrequent and intermittent monitoring as provided at office visits may not truly reflect the day-to-day functioning and quality of life of patients living with MS [
Remote evaluation of clinical status and symptoms in persons with MS could serve as a means of obtaining additional information that is not provided by the traditional office visit. Many apps for remote assessment of persons with MS exist, ranging from symptom logs, patient-reported outcome trackers, assessments of cognitive function and fine motor skills, as well as drug adherence and adverse drug event trackers [
A scoping review was performed to identify articles evaluating apps dedicated to the remote testing and follow-up of persons with MS. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed for this portion of the review [
A separate review of the Canadian Apple App Store and Google Play Store was conducted in parallel. This was done in order to identify apps available for public use, including some identified in the literature search as well as those that had not been formally studied prior to dissemination.
Scientific papers were included if they met the following criteria: The study evaluated the use of remote monitoring of persons with MS via smartphone or tablet app and was published in English, French, or Spanish prior to January 17, 2022. Cohort studies, feasibility studies, and randomized controlled trials were included in this review. Studies were included if the application was used to measure one or more of the following functional domains: physical disability, fatigue, visual symptoms, urinary symptoms, balance, mood symptoms, pain, cognition, or ambulation. Exclusion criteria included pediatric studies, single case studies, poster presentations, opinion pieces, and commentaries.
Publicly available apps that were intended for symptom tracking or app-based testing of persons with MS were included in the app review portion of this paper if they were able to measure one or more of the aforementioned metrics.
PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to January 17, 2022, to identify studies suitable for inclusion. The search strategy is detailed in
As for the apps, the Canadian iOS Apple App Store and Android Google Play Store were searched using the term “Multiple Sclerosis” for publicly available apps.
Search strategy.
Two authors (JBM and CP) independently screened studies for the inclusion criteria based on title and abstract. The articles were then subject to an independent full-text review, and inclusion was determined by consensus. The references of included studies were screened to identify any additional articles suitable for inclusion that were not captured in the initial search strategy. The aforementioned authors collected data on application testing metrics as well as on convergence with standard neurological exam findings (Pearson correlation coefficients and linear mixed effects estimates), feasibility of implementation (qualitative assessment and adherence rates), weather analysis, and practice effect. Data collection also included participant age, diagnosis, baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), study design, study funding, and follow-up period. Authors JBM and OC assessed included articles for risk of bias using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) checklist, when applicable [
Authors JBM and CP independently screened the title and description of the apps, and inclusion was determined by consensus. The included apps were then reviewed, and the functional domains evaluated were documented.
For the purpose of readability, this article considered correlation coefficients |
A total of 2433 studies were identified using the search strategy defined in the Methods section. Following duplicate removal and title and abstract screening, 77 studies were selected for full-text review. Of these studies, 18 were in keeping with the predefined inclusion criteria (
As for the app store review, the search yielded 79 apps in the Apple App Store and 339 apps in the Google Play Store. After removal of duplicates and title and description screening, 25 apps were selected for full app review. Of these apps, only 18 were deemed to fit the inclusion criteria (
Included articles.
Included apps.
Of the 18 articles included, 12 sought to compare apps with a neurologist exam, disability scale, or recognized standardized tests [
Characteristics of included studies.
Author(s), year | Countries | Study design | Type of multiple sclerosis |
Hsu et al, 2021 [ |
United States | Prospective cohort | RRa, PPb, SPc, CISd, unknown |
Golan et al, 2021 [ |
Israel | Prospective cohort | RR, PP, SP |
Pratap et al, 2020 [ |
United States | Prospective cohort | RR, PP, SP |
Hsu et al, 2021 [ |
United States | Cross-sectional | RR, PP, SP, CIS |
Newland et al, 2019 [ |
United States | Descriptive study | RR, SP |
Midaglia et al, 2019 [ |
Spain, United States | Prospective cohort | RR, PP, SP |
Montalban et al, 2021 [ |
Spain, United States | Prospective cohort | RR, PP, SP |
Woelfle et al, 2021 [ |
Switzerland | Prospective cohort | N/Ae |
Lam et al, 2021 [ |
Netherlands | Prospective cohort | RR, PP, SP |
van Oirschot et al, 2020 [ |
Netherlands | Prospective cohort | RR |
van Oirschot et al, 2021 [ |
Netherlands | Prospective cohort | RR |
Boukhvalova et al, 2018 [ |
United States | Cross-sectional | RR, PP, SP |
Boukhavalova et al, 2019 [ |
United States | Prospective cohort | RR, PP, SP |
Maillart et al, 2019 [ |
France | Crossover study | RR, PP |
Tanoh et al, 2021 [ |
France | Prospective cohort | RR, PP |
Bove et al, 2015 [ |
United States | Prospective cohort | RR, PP, SP, CIS |
Lam et al, 2021 [ |
Netherlands | Prospective cohort | RR, PP, SP |
Lam et al, 2022 [ |
Netherlands | Prospective cohort | RR, PP, SP |
aRR: relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.
bPP: primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
cSP: secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.
dCIS: clinically isolated syndrome.
eN/A: not available.
Of the 18 apps included, 5 had objective symptom testing through mobile phone sensors. The other 13 did not have active tests but did allow for symptom logging. Of the apps included in this study, 2 had complimentary data that were identified during the scoping review portion of the current study.
Four apps were exclusively found on the Apple App Store, 8 apps were exclusively found in the Google Play Store, and 6 apps were found in both stores. All but 2 of the apps included were free of charge.
As aforementioned, the reviewed articles were categorized according to 4 main objectives: evaluating convergence with neurological exam, feasibility of implementation of an app for persons with MS, evaluating the practice effect of repeated at-home testing, and comparing app-based tests with quality of life questionnaires and local weather.
Of the 18 articles, 14 articles described 12 apps that measured physical disability and correlated these with findings on clinical exam. These measures of physical disability were done by tap tests [
One study compared the MS Suite app balloon popping test to the 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) and found that the app slightly outperformed the 9HPT in its ability to correlate with clinician-derived outcomes [
App tests from scientific articles and comparators for convergence with neurological exam or patient questionnaires.
App and functional domains | App test | Comparator | |
|
Cognition | Boxed task, sustained attention task, spatial span | SDMTa |
|
PDb | Finger tapping, finger to nose | PDDSc, Neuro-QoLd |
|
Ambulation, balance | Walk and balance test | PDDS, Neuro-QoL |
|
Cognition | Voice-controlled DSSTe | PDDS, Neuro-QoL |
|
PD | Go/no go, tilt to steer, and combination of both tasks | MSFC-4f, EDSSg |
|
Cognition | Go/no go, tilt to steer, and combination of both tasks | BICAMSh |
|
PD | Draw a shape, pinching test | 9HPTi, EDSS |
|
Balance | Static balance test | BBSj |
|
Cognition | sSDMTk | SDMT |
|
Ambulation | 2MWTl, U-turn test | T25FWm, EDSS |
|
PD | Spiral test | 9HPT |
|
Visual | Vision test | SLCLATn |
|
Cognition | Cognition test (sSDMT) | SDMT, PASATo |
|
Ambulation | Walking test | T25FW, EDSS |
|
Cognition | sSDMT | SDMT |
|
Ambulation | e-2MWTp | 2MWT |
|
PD | Balloon popping, tap test, tilt test | NeurExq, EDSS |
|
Cognition | Tilt test | SDMT |
|
PD | Press-press latency, release-release latency, hold time, flight time, precorrection slowing, correction duration, post correction slowing, after punctuation pause, emoji sentiment score [ |
EDSS, 9HPT |
|
Cognition | Press-press latency, release-release latency, hold time, flight time, precorrection slowing, correction duration, post correction slowing, after punctuation pause, emoji sentiment score [ |
SDMT |
|
Fatigue | Press-press latency, release-release latency, hold time, flight time, precorrection slowing, correction duration, post correction slowing, after punctuation pause, emoji sentiment score [ |
CIS-Fr |
aSDMT: Symbol Digit Modalities Test.
bPD: physical disability.
cPDSS: Patient-Determined Disease Steps.
dNeuro-QoL: Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders.
eDSST: Digit Symbol Substitution Test.
fMSFC-4: Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite 4.
gEDSS: Expanded Disability Status Scale.
hBICAMS: Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis.
i9HPT: 9-Hole Peg Test.
jBBS: Berg Balance Scale.
ksSDMT: smartphone SDMT.
l2MWT: 2-minute walk test.
mT25FW: timed 25-foot walking test.
nSLCLAT: Sloan Low Contrast Letter Acuity Test.
oPASAT: Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test.
pe-2MWT: electronic 2MWT.
qNeurEx: digitalized neurological examination.
rCIS-F: Checklist Individual Strength Fatigue subscale.
Keystroke dynamics were found to have weak correlation with the EDSS and moderate correlation with the SDMT in 1 study [
One study evaluating the correlation of the smartphone SDMT (sSDMT) with the traditional SDMT found a moderate correlation for tests done in the morning and in the evening for the MS Sherpa app [
Two studies compared their app-based tests with the SDMT. The first compared the Evo Monitor multitasking test with SDMT and found a moderate correlation [
The MS Copilot app included several tests: spiral drawing test, maximum distance walked without stopping, verbal SDMT, and low contrast vision test. The
In 1 study, the Floodlight app’s pinching test correlated moderately with the 9-HPT. It also found that Floodlight’s U-turn test correlated moderately with the T25FW. Of the Floodlight tests, the U-turn test had the strongest correlation with the EDSS despite the weak correlation (
Finally, MS Sherpa’s smartphone 2MWT measurements were found to be approximately 8.43 meters greater than those measured traditionally. In this same study, there was no statistically significant correlation identified between the app-based 2MWT and EDSS [
The feasibility of implementing an app to monitor symptoms in persons with MS was assessed in 3 studies. Adherence rates were 51% for an app requiring 12 months of daily data collection (n=38) [
App-based quality of life questionnaires were evaluated in 2 studies: 1 compared app-derived neurological quality of life (Neuro-QoL) questionnaires to in-app functional tests. Using a linear mixed effects model, the study found that the following Neuro-QoL domains correlated significantly with app tests: Upper extremity function was correlated with finger tapping test, lower extremity function was correlated with walk and balance tests, and cognitive function was correlated with the voice-based Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) [
Another study assessed the e-Diary app, in which an app-based questionnaire was used to derive a Bodily Function Summary Score that was then compared to clinician-reported outcomes. This study found a strong correlation between the Bodily Function Summary Score and EDSS scores [
Whether increasing local temperature had a negative impact on in-app tests was evaluated in 2 studies [
The development of a practice effect with repeated at-home app-based MS testing was assessed in 1 study. Data included in this study were derived from the Floodlight app. Domains assessed included daily repetition of finger pinching, shape drawing, 2MWT, U-turn test, static balance test, and weekly repetition of virtual SDMT. The study found improvement in test scores ranging from 11% to 54.2% on daily repetition of tests with the exception of the 2MWT. For the sSDMT, an average improvement of 40.8% was observed after 5 weeks of weekly testing [
The key findings of each included article are presented in
Key findings of included studies.
App and author, year | All assessed functional domains | Number of people with MSa | Key findings | |
|
||||
|
Hsu et al, 2021 [ |
Cognition | 53 | Boxed reaction time of persons with MS correlated most strongly with SDMTb ( |
|
||||
|
Golan et al, 2021 [ |
PDc, visual, urinary, mood, pain, cognition | 97 | e-diary–derived PROsd were significantly correlated with corresponding functional system scores (0.38< |
|
||||
|
Pratap et al, 2020 [ |
PD, balance, cognition, weather | 495 | Neuro-QoLf categories correlated significantly with finger tapping (βg=0.4; |
|
||||
|
Hsu et al, 2021 [ |
PD, cognition | 100 | Evo Monitor multitasking test was associated with SDMT ( |
|
||||
|
Newland et al, 2019 [ |
PD, pain, cognition | 32 | Most participants (87%) completed all of the surveys required (7 consecutive days and repeat 4 weeks later). |
|
||||
|
Midaglia et al, 2019 [ |
PD, fatigue, balance, mood, pain, cognition, ambulation | 76 | 70% of participants were adherent to all active tests. 75% of participants were adherent to all tests except 2MWTj. Mean satisfaction with the app at week 12 was 74.1% and at week 24 was 73.7%. |
|
Montalban et al, 2021 [ |
PD, balance, cognition | 76 | Strongest correlation was found between sSDMTk and SDMT ( |
|
Woelfle et al, 2021 [ |
PD, balance, cognition, ambulation | 171-262 | sSDMT, when repeated at 7-day intervals, had an average improvement of 40.8%. The practice effect was reached after 11 repetitions for one-half and after 35 repetitions for 90%. Finger pinching, draw a shape, U-turn, and static balance had average improvements of 54.2%, 23.9%, 11.0%, and 28.6%, respectively. 2MWT was not significantly associated with improvement. |
|
||||
|
Maillart et al, 2019 [ |
PD, visual, cognition, ambulation | 141 | App combined task |
|
Tanoh et al, 2021 [ |
PD, visual, cognition, ambulation | 116 | Summed scores of maximum walking distance, draw a shape, and mobile SDMT correlated with EDSS ( |
|
||||
|
Lam et al, 2021 [ |
Cognition | 102 | sSDMT and SDMT correlation coefficients were |
|
van Oirschot et al, 2020 [ |
Cognition | 25 | The interclass correlation coefficient between SDMT and sSDMT results was 0.784, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was |
|
van Oirschot et al, 2021 [ |
Cognition, ambulation | 25 | Distance walked on e-2MWT was, on average, 8.43 meters greater than that with traditional 2MWT. There was no significant correlation between EDSS and e-2MWT. |
|
||||
|
Boukhvalova et al, 2018 [ |
PD, cognition | 76 | Balloon popping had correlation coefficients of |
|
Boukhvalova et al, 2019 [ |
PD, cognition | 112 | Level test time spent in center of the level test correlated with SDMT ( |
|
||||
|
Bove et al, 2015 [ |
PD, balance, cognition, weather | 38 | Adherence rate for the app was 51% at 12 months. Of those who completed the 1-year study (n=22), no significant association between MFISo and temperature ( |
|
||||
|
Lam et al, 2021 [ |
PD, cognition, fatigue | 85 | EDSS was most correlated with latency between key release ( |
|
Lam et al, 2022 [ |
PD, cognition | 94 | The keystroke features most responsive to changes in EDSS were emoji sentiment neutrality and word length, with AUCsp of 0.79 and 0.72, respectively. |
aMS: multiple sclerosis.
bSDMT: Symbol Digit Modalities Test.
cPD: physical disability.
dPROs: patient-reported outcomes.
eEDSS: Expanded Disability Status Scale.
gNeuro-QoL: quality of life in neurological disorders.
gLinear mixed effects estimate.
hDSST: Digit Symbol Substitution Test.
iT25FW: timed 25-foot walk.
j2MWT: 2-minute walk test.
ksSDMT: smartphone SDMT.
l9HPT: 9-Hole Peg Test.
mMSFC: Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite.
nN/A: not available.
oMFIS: Modified Fatigue Impact Scale.
pAUCs: areas under the curves.
Of the 18 identified apps, 5 had a remote testing function. Of the 5 apps with remote testing abilities, all tested for physical disability and fine motor skills. Assessment of motor skills was done through tapping tests as in BeCare and MS Care Connect; drawing a shape or following a path as in Floodlight, MS Care, and MS Copilot; or a 9HPT equivalent as in Neurons. With regard to disability, 1 app, BeCare, measured arm raises, while Floodlight measured pinch and thumb strength.
Visual symptoms were evaluated by 3 of the apps. This was done by contrast sensitivity tests and measured optokinetic nystagmus as in BeCare, color vision tests as in MS Care Connect, or low-contrast vision tests as in MS Copilot.
Cognitive testing was performed in all 5 apps: 4 apps (BeCare, Floodlight, MS Care Connect, and MS Copilot) used the SDMT; 2 apps used modified versions of recognized MS tests like the Paced Auditory and Visual Serial Addition Test as in Neurons and the Stroop test as in BeCare; and some apps used other tests like stacking donuts in ascending size on pegs, memorizing words and matching them to categories, and tapping blocks in a memorized sequence as in MS Care Connect or memorizing animals as in BeCare.
All 5 apps had measures of ambulation: 3 apps (BeCare, Neurons, and MS Care Connect) had the T25FW, and 2 apps had time-limited walk tests such as BeCare’s 6-minute walk test or Floodlight’s 2MWT. BeCare also measured the Timed Up and Go test. Floodlight implemented passive monitoring of daily ambulation, while MS Copilot measured maximum distance walked.
Only 1 app, Floodlight, had a dedicated static balance test. Another app, MS Care Connect, measured reaction time. The BeCare app measured the ability to discriminate between mobile device vibration frequency. That same app also had an audio transcription test.
Symptom logging functions were found in 13 other apps, either through free-text entry or selecting within a list of suggested neurological symptoms. These are included in
Characteristics of included apps.
App name | Platform | Developer | Brief description |
Aby | Both | Biogen Inc | Log MSa symptoms |
Bearable - Symptom and Mood Tracker | GPSb | Bearable | Log MS symptoms |
BeCare MS Link | Both | BeCare Link LLC | Testing for PDc, visual, cognitive, ambulation, mood |
Emilyn: My MS Companion | Both | BreakthroughX Health GmbH | Log MS symptoms |
Floodlightd | Both | Roche SAS | Log MS symptoms; testing for PD, cognitive, balance, ambulation |
Healthstories MS | AASe | Jacob Wachsman | Log MS symptoms |
icompanion | Both | Icometrix Inc | Log MS symptoms, may perform prEDSSf or Neuro-QoLg |
Innov SEP | GPS | Mallouki Adil | Log MS symptoms. |
MSAA-My MS Manager | AAS | At Point of Care, LLC | Log MS symptoms, generate MFISh score |
MS Care Connect | GPS | InterPro Bioscience Inc | Log MS symptoms; testing for PD, cognitive, ambulation |
MSCopilotd | GPS | Ad Scientiam | Testing for PD, visual, cognitive, ambulation |
MS Corner | GPS | Progentec Diagnostics | Log MS symptoms |
MS Notes Journal | GPS | Roger Hartley | Log MS symptoms |
MS Relapse Tool | Both | Darin Okuda | Log MS symptoms |
MS Relapse Tracker/MS Attack | AAS | Flavia Chapa | Log MS symptoms, relapse probability assessment |
Multiple Sclerosis Manager | GPSf | KingFishApps | Log MS symptoms. |
Multiple Sclerosis Messenger | GPS | KingFishApps | Log MS symptoms and may send to MS nurse |
Neurons | AAS | shazino | Testing for PD, cognitive, ambulation |
aMS: multiple sclerosis.
bGPS: Google Play Store.
cPD: physical disability.
dApp found to have supporting literature in the scoping review of scientific evidence.
eAAS: Apple App Store.
fprEDSS: patient-reported Expanded Disability Status Scale.
gNeuro-QoL: quality of life in neurological disorders.
hMFIS: Modified Fatigue Impact Score.
This review sought to evaluate and summarize available literature and apps assessing remote testing for persons with MS. Though well-designed studies evaluating concordance between app testing and the neurological exams do exist, many apps operate outside the realm of currently available scientific evidence.
To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first scoping review with a specific focus on the use of apps for symptom monitoring and tracking clinical course in persons with MS. Previous reviews on this topic have employed a wider scope, examining all clinical trials with data pertaining to apps used in MS [
Many of the included studies demonstrated concordance between mobile testing for MS and various aspects of the neurological exam [
Although the EDSS remains an important aspect of the evaluation of persons with MS both in clinic and in the context of clinical trials, most apps seeking to correlate in-app testing with EDSS have obtained weak to moderate, albeit statistically significant, correlation coefficients [
One advantage to app-based evaluation of persons with MS is that virtual tests can be performed by persons with MS with more significant disability. One study found that some persons with MS were unable to perform the 9HPT yet were able to participate in app-based testing [
In terms of feasibility, adherence rates to the apps were lower for apps requiring daily participation for extended periods and higher for apps with less frequent testing [
The increased frequency of app-based testing, when compared with infrequent office testing, may improve certain test results due to repeated practice. Woelfle et al [
Data on local temperature and its impact on app-based test performance have shown that increasing temperatures correlate negatively with test scores [
Although many apps designed to track symptoms in persons with MS are publicly available on app stores, only 10 apps were identified in our scoping review as having published evidence supporting their use.
This scoping review is limited first by the relatively small number of included articles as well as the heterogeneity of included articles. This renders drawing generalized conclusions difficult given the limited number of studies and the different comparators. As more data become available with the growth of mobile health (mHealth), future reviews may be able to compare different testing metrics with more certainty. The second limitation relates to the rapid evolution of mHealth publications and app development. This is supported by the fact that two-thirds of the included articles were published within the last 2 years. At the time of its publication, this review may not reflect the most recent data available.
Future app developers may wish to include both objective measures of clinical status as well as patient-reported outcomes in order to aid the neurologist in evaluating persons with MS, especially if the app is to assess the EDSS. The mobile version of the SDMT correlated well with the traditional SDMT and could be included as a measure of cognitive decline. Although current research does not describe the optimal testing interval, app testing should be used sparingly to encourage participation and reduce the practice effect. Developers may also wish to include local weather data at time of testing to allow for contextualization of at-home results.
The current review serves as a summary of the existing apps designed for monitoring of persons with MS and their supporting literature. Current evidence demonstrates adequate convergence of app-based testing to traditional in-person assessment. Although persons with MS will likely always require the human interaction of in-person follow-up, apps may be used as an adjunct to these visits for patients who are unable to see their neurologist on a regular basis. Although many apps with remote testing abilities are available to the public, a minority have published evidence supporting their use. Several apps had unique beneficial features; however, there was a significant amount of redundancy. Most app-based tests had a focus on physical disability and cognition. There remains a need for a comprehensive validated app that combines both patient-reported outcomes and multiple types of remote testing to better understand and care for persons with MS.
Detailed search strategy.
Data sets.
2-minute walk test
9-Hole Peg Test
Digit Symbol Substitution Test
Expanded Disability Status Scale
mobile health
multiple sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite
neurology quality of life
Symbol Digit Modalities Test
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
smartphone SDMT
timed 25-foot walk test
This study was supported by the Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.
The data sets generated during or analyzed during the current study are available in
JBM authored the original draft of this scoping review. JBM and CP independently screened studies for inclusion criteria. EH, OC, and LCW provided critical feedback and helped shape the final version of the manuscript.
None declared.